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In mammalian nervous systems, many different types of chemical substances, including amino acids (e.g., glutamate), monoamines (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine), acetylcholine, peptides (e.g., substance P), serve as neurotransmitters to bind their corresponding receptors, then activate ion channels, and consequently produce ion flux 1 , thereby inducing membrane potential changes that lead to signal propagation for neurotransmission 1,2,3,4

17,550 The PINK1-Parkin pathway is a well-characterized mechanism of mitophagy

Physiologic mechanisms Modulated inflammation: PRP can shift the local milieu from catabolic to anabolic by down-regulating NF-B pathways and promoting anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10) in some formulations

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