Diabetes upregulates ROS and inflammatory cytokines, which activate PERK/eIF2 and IRE1/XBP1 pathways, aggravating ER dysfunction and apoptotic cell death [129,130,131]
JAMA Netw open
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Notably, citrulline supplementation restores fibroblast activation under arginine-deprived conditions, whereas ornithine and glutamine provide essential precursors for polyamine biosynthesis in fibroblasts [50]
FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic D-retro-inverso peptide studied as a senolytic, meaning it is designed to selectively clear senescent cells