Markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress identified included inflammatory cytokines (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-8, IL-17, INF-2), exosomal miRNAs (e.g., miR-122, miR-21), microglial activation, oxidative and nitrosative stress ratios (-tocopherylquinone/-tocopherol, 5-nitro--tocopherol/-tocopherol), lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde, nitrotyrosine), homocysteine (tHcy), total antioxidant status (TAS), antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione, SOD), serum tocopherol levels, leukocyte telomere length (LTL), and carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) (Table 2)
Some use the back of the neck for more direct CNS access, but forearm is the most consistent
A switchable site-specific antibody conjugate
Given its wide-ranging responsibilities, maintaining adequate B12 levels is paramount for overall health and vitality
MZ: Conceptualization, Writing review & editing
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