This activity is instrumental in safeguarding hippocampal neurons from the deleterious impacts of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and hypoxic conditions
However, it is important to note that these observations come exclusively from animal studies and that safety data in humans remain very limited
Peana M, Pelucelli A, Chasapis CT, et al
Unlike some carotenoids, astaxanthin is not converted into retinol (vitamin A) in the human body
The pathophysiology of doxorubicin and ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in mice may be primarily associated with increased mitochondrial iron levels and lipid peroxidation, suggesting that mitochondrial oxidative damage is a principal mechanism underlying ferroptosis in this context [107]
Thus, GSH has been shown to be an effective supplement that can improve glycemic control and reduce oxidative stress in diabetic patients, especially among the elderly