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Wong et al., 2010

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It upregulates the expression of Pink1, Parkin, Bnip3 and BCL2 like 13 (Bcl2l13) proteins and LC3B-II/I ratio, promotes mitophagy in the skeletal muscle of mdx52 mice, and significantly inhibits the expression of inflammatory and OS marker proteins (CD68, CD206, SOD1, and SOD2), which in turn improve the anti-fatigue ability of skeletal muscle of mdx52 mice

doi: 10.1002/ijc.31848

This carbonylation impairs mitochondrial respiration, increases superoxide production, and disrupts insulin signaling pathways, contributing to metabolic dysregulation and the progression of metabolic syndrome (84)

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