[PubMed: 21402690] 44
The GHR is a challenging target in this regard in that it lacks a kinase domain and the ligand binding surface involves a large, relatively featureless protein-protein interface
Common diagnostic tests include a digital rectal examination, blood testing for kidney health, and urine testing to rule out other potential issues
Injections of vitamin B12 are commonly used to treat deficiencies, especially in cases where oral supplementation is ineffective due to absorption issues
G-protein-coupled receptors constitute the largest family of membrane proteins, and ligand binding can lead to activation of multiple intracellular pathways, including G proteins, beta-arrestins, and other non-G-protein-regulated signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation [20] (Figure 3)
Patients with pernicious anemia have about three times the incidence of carcinoma of the stomach as the general population, so appropriate tests for this condition should be carried out when indicated