Inhibitors of DPP-4, such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin and linagliptin, inhibit DPP-4, resulting in an increase of incretin and GLP-1 secretion (Figure 1), leading to an improvement in plasma glucose control without inducing hypoglycemia or increasing the body weight.69 Both types of drugs are barely metabolized in the liver and are excreted unchanged by the kidney;70 thus, they seem to be safe in cirrhotic patients.71 Unlike the old antidiabetic drugs, their pharmacodynamic characteristics have been assessed in patients with varying degrees of hepatic impairment and their safety has been assessed in studies comprising large number of individuals
Rapid impedance spectroscopy for monitoring tissue impedance, temperature, and treatment outcome during electroporation-based therapies
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