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Damaged hepatocytes may release massive amounts of cell contents, such as nuclear DNA fragments, mitochondrial DNA, high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), and ATP

PLoS One 18 , e0282063 (2023)

NADPH is also important for the antioxidant defenses of the body, so PPP is well developed in cells that are exposed to high oxygen levels such as the cornea of the eye, where PPP accounts for 60% of glucose oxidation, and in red blood cells

ParadaVenegas D

During brain damage (including diseases, brain injury and oxidative stress), these astrocytic functions become transiently or permanently impaired, and the subsequent impact on neuronal cells may lead to pathological conditions and neurodegenerative diseases [3,26]

Beijing: The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China