Chen, H., Liu, C., Chen, D., Madrid, K., Peng, S., Dong, X., et al., Mol
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E1 is a thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent -ketoacid dehydrogenase, R -lipoic acid functions as a prosthetic group essential for E2 transacetylase activity, and E3 is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ( Figure 4 )
Azelaic Acid: Treats pigmentation and prevents new discoloration by inhibiting tyrosinase, an enzyme needed for melanin production
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