There are many possible causes of B12 deficiency eg diet, PA, Coeliac disease, H Pylori infection, Crohns disease, internal parasites such as fish tapeworm, exposure to nitrous oxide plus others
Your body doesnt store extra vitamin B12, so even high doses of vitamin B12 are considered safe

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and is required for proper nerve conduction and muscle contraction
B12 injections are clinically indicated for patients with confirmed deficiency or malabsorption conditions, including those with pernicious anaemia, gastrectomy, ileal resection, Crohn's disease, or neurological symptoms related to B12 deficiency
Certain groupssuch as older adults, vegetarians, individuals with gastrointestinal disorders, and those taking specific medications (e.g., metformin or proton pump inhibitors)may develop a B12 deficiency