Topical tranexamic acid, arbutin, kojic acid, and azelaic acid can all be helpful when addressing hyperpigmentation, either instead of hydroquinone or in tandem with it
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Studies also provide evidence for fast suppression of basophil responses, modulation of T-cell and B-cell subsets, induction of FoxP3-positive regulatory T-cells, and production of IgG4 blocking antibodies that compete with IgE for allergen binding
Scientific References Selected peer-reviewed and primary-source citations used to inform this educational overview
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 78.Miyakawa K., Joshi N., Sullivan B.P