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Metformin alters the microbiome in both mice and humans, causing an overall decrease in the bacterial diversity of the mouse microbiome, which contrasts with the effect of a high-fat diet [85, 86]
While we instructed patients to maintain their habitual diets during the study, we acknowledge that semaglutides appetite-modulating effects may have unconsciously altered their dietary patterns, potentially confounding our microbiota observations
This is consistent across the GLP-1 class semaglutide and tirzepatide users report the same pattern
In contrast, metabolites such as phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol (16:0/0:0), PC (16:0/3:1(2E)), and phosphatidylinositol (16:0/16:0) are significantly upregulated, suggesting a high saturation of glycerophospholipids
If insomnia persists beyond 3 weeks despite morning timing, consult a physician