At the gene level, it modulates roughly 4,000 human genes, activating around 1,600 involved in repair and regeneration while suppressing age-related inflammatory pathways
Studies show up to 70% increase in collagen production at optimal concentrations of 1 nanomolar
Isolation, activation, and expansion of human peripheral blood cytotoxic T cells (CD8 + T cells)
The authors explicitly frame their own finding as relevant to the injection question: topical application, they note, "may offer an effective alternative to injection," comparing the quantity of copper made bioavailable through a realistic topical patch against a reference subcutaneous injection dose used in animal research
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