CAFs upon activation secretes growth factors, cytokines, and ECM molecules including TGF-, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which are implicated in tumor development, invasion, and metastasis (120)
SIRT1 is also known as the longevity gene because of its role in reducing the risk of diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and other forms of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer
Kim et al., 2018a
-KG participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and through further metabolic processes produces ATP together with NADH and FADH 2
Triple agonists [12] such as GLP-1RA, GIP-RA plus glucagon-RA are in development and may show comparable efficacy in weight loss to tirzepatide by targeting multiple pathways involved in energy regulation [13]
MacLean, A