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The 2010s introduced gene-expression analysis: data generated through the Broad Institute's Connectivity Map indicated that GHK exposure modulated expression of 4,192 of the 13,424 human genes assayed, with approximately equal up- and down-regulation across stress-response, inflammation, and tissue-repair pathways [2]
10.1038/s41577-022-00694-4 252
Despite this substantial research history, DSIP has not achieved widespread clinical acceptance or regulatory approval in major markets, reflecting challenges including inconsistent clinical results, unclear mechanisms, difficulty in establishing optimal dosing, route, and timing protocols, and competition from better-characterized sleep and stress medications
The inhibition of the NF-B/iNOS signal suggests its anti-inflammatory effects
GHK-Cu is relatively large and hydrophilic, and a significant portion of what you apply never reaches the follicle