As with BPC157, most evidence for KPV comes from preclinical studies, and robust human trials are not yet available
From a pharmacological safety perspective, the adverse effect profile of retatrutide based on Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trial data (including the NEJM 2023 Phase 2 trial) includes: Gastrointestinal effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and constipation (the most commonly reported side effects in trial participants) Injection site reactions: Redness, swelling, or discomfort at the injection site Cardiovascular effects: Increases in heart rate have been observed in trial participants [21] [22] Hypoglycaemia: Particularly relevant in individuals with diabetes or those taking insulin, sulfonylureas, or other glucose-lowering agents Potential thyroid effects: GLP-1 receptor agonists have been associated with thyroid C-cell changes in rodent studies
For severe ankle injuries, chronic instability, or post-surgical recovery, the combination approach warrants serious consideration
10,11 Other studies on nasal dosing are mainly animal studies looking at higher relative doses
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