Although current evidence supports broad applicability across BMI, diabetes status, and fibrosis stages F2-F3, subgroup analyses suggest attenuated responses in non-obese patients and in certain ethnic groups (Hispanic patients in ESSENCE), emphasizing the need for precision medicine approaches incorporating anthropometric, genetic (e.g., PNPLA3, HSD17B13), and metabolic profiling
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At the GLP-1R, it produces the same hypothalamic satiety signaling, gastric emptying delay, and beta-cell potentiation as selective GLP-1 agonists
For dual receptor agonists, trials provide measurable data on blood sugar control, weight loss, metabolic improvements, and potential side effects, guiding dosage and patient selection
In retatrutide, the GLP-1 and GIP components offset this effect, keeping blood sugar stable while still capturing glucagon's fat-burning benefits (Jastreboff et al., NEJM 2023)
Yip RGC, Wolfe MM