A study conducted on rats proved that cortisol administration increased oxidative damage to DNA material, but did not lead to an increase in the rate of production of reactive oxygen species in the liver (94)
Flags theoretical pathologic angiogenesis potential: PMC12446177 Evidence Summary Preclinical: IBD/colitis models: High remission rates, restored mucosal architecture, improved barrier function Tendon repair: Accelerated healing, improved tensile strength, reduced fibrosis Neurovascular: Sciatic nerve protection, enhanced blood vessel growth in nerve tissue Human data (emerging): Interstitial cystitis pilot (2024, n=12): 10/12 complete resolution, 2/12 at 80% improvement IV safety study (2025, n=2): no adverse effects on cardiac, hepatic, renal, or glucose biomarkers Knee pain retrospective (2021, n=17): 91.6% reported significant improvement No large-scale controlled trials published Safety: No immunosuppression or hormonal disruption in available data 2025 systematic review (HSS Journal): recommends caution due to limited high-quality clinical evidence 2025 narrative review: flags theoretical pathologic angiogenesis risk Stable in gastric acid (oral administration viable) No observed toxicity at therapeutic doses in published reports Foundational Reviews Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al
Pycnogenol can sometimes cause dizziness or vertigo in sensitive individuals, likely due to its blood flow effects, but again this is rare
Many clients start with weekly injections for 4-6 weeks, then transition to bi-weekly or monthly maintenance
Results ..There was a 32% reduction in the number of patients receiving B12 for non-valid reasons (from 521 to 352)
This is also more common for hydroxocobalamin, a form that is used less commonly in veterinary medicine
