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T4 is a 43-amino acid peptide encoded by the TMSB4X gene and present in almost all human tissues except erythrocytes

Cyclic peptide structure enhances high-affinity MC4R binding Pharmacophoric regions imitate endogenous -MSH signaling motifs Structural stability improves resistance to enzymatic degradation Moreover, receptor-localization [3] studies demonstrate substantial MC4R expression in hypothalamic regions such as the arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus, both of which play major roles in appetite regulation

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On the other hand, it acts as an interacting hub for various signaling pathways, including the mTORC1 pathway [281], which inhibits autophagy