More rarely, GO can be found in patients with hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis or in subjects with subclinical evidence of thyroid autoimmunity, but with no thyroid dysfunction, and the pathogenesis of these conditions is still a matter of debate ( Oxidative Stress in Graves Orbitopathy Oxidative stress is defined as the disruption of the balance between the production and the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes a remarkable damage of several cell components, namely proteins, lipids, membranes, and nucleic acids ( Figure 1 )
It uses finer needles (29-31G vs
Dou Y, Lee A, Zhu L, Morton J, & Ladiges W
The cell lines used in the present study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA), DS Pharma Biomedical (Osaka, Japan), and Horizon Discovery Ltd
Health Sciences, vol
The condition is expected to impact 10% of reproductive-age women, and 190 million women estimated to be affected globally 1,2,5,6