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Together, the theory is that they create a more complete healing environment
Loss of Potency: This is harder to spot without advanced testing, but it can occur from improper storage (e.g., exposure to heat or light), repeated freeze-thaw cycles, or using non-bacteriostatic water for extended storage
(2021) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol Frias JP et al
Excipient studies on lyophilized rhGH show that sugar and polyol stabilizers (mannitol, sucrose, trehalose) protect the protein's secondary structure and limit aggregation in the dry state by satisfying water-binding sites and stabilizing the amorphous matrix around the protein (Costantino et al., 1998)
We reported impaired mitophagy and depletion of NAD + in WS patient samples and WS invertebrate models (Fang et al