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Furthermore, skeletal muscle-specific NKO mice develop progressive muscle atrophy [43], hepatocyte-specific NKO mice show hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and reduced liver regeneration [74,75], and proximal tubule-specific NKO mice exhibit glomerular basement membrane thickening and interstitial fibrosis, pathological features of diabetic nephropathy [76]
These pharmaceutical drugs work by directly mimicking GLP-1 at therapeutic concentrations and are approved for specific medical indications
Specifically, GLP-1 receptor agonists favorably influence relevant risk factors for kidney disease, including hyperglycemia, elevated blood pressure, and increased body weight (19)
Accessed 1 July 2025 Forzano I, Varzideh F, Avvisato R, Jankauskas SS, Mone P, Santulli G (2022) Tirzepatide: a systematic update
What Are GLP-1s and How Do They Work
For biosynthesis, it seems the only strategy to prolong the half-life is a ligand fused with a terminal albumin or Fc domain, whose critical points are length and location
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