There is no evidence for changes in muscle carnitine concentrations following short periods (4 weeks or less) of supplementation, nor in most longer term studies which do not co-ingest carbohydrate with the carnitine
3 The role of S in PD Native S is a small monomeric presynaptic protein of 140 amino acids involved in vesicle trafficking, docking and fusion as well as neurotransmitter release and regulation, microtubule formation and axonal transport (Gigure et al., 2018
doi: 10.1111/obr.13885 145 DoDLeeTPeasahSKGoodCBInnehAPatelU
Additionally, new non-peptide oral options like Orforglipron are actively in development
doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08352-5, 105 RouaultT
Li YB, Fu Q, Guo M et al (2024) MicroRNAs: pioneering regulators in Alzheimers disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy