Ubiquitin, a conserved 76-amino acid protein, is first activated in an ATP-dependent manner by E1 ubiquitin-activating enzymes, then transferred to E2 conjugating enzymes, and finally attached to target proteins by E3 ubiquitin ligases, which provide the critical element of substrate specificity (Fig
Kim J, Lee HJ, Park JH, Cha BY, Hoe HS
Soc 51, 615636
What does this mean for patients
As youll see, the Botox for migraines injection sites precisely target a large number of nerves that travel throughout the face, head, scalp, neck, and shoulders
The disadvantages of intravenous injections Unsuitable for slow absorption Time: the patient must remain lying down or seated for 30 min Risk of haematoma Must be administered by a qualified professional to prevent complications due to incorrect handling: gas embolism, blood backflow Intravenous injections are the most commonly-used method of administration when rapid results are required as they act directly on the bloodstream: as such, the substance is assimilated by the body almost instantly
