Intramuscular injection may occasionally cause skin rash, itching, diarrhea, and allergic asthma
While they can offer antioxidant support and brighten surface-level pigmentation, their effects are limited compared to oral or injectable forms, as glutathione molecules struggle to penetrate deeply into skin layers
This coordinated modulation can support capillary sprouting and vascular stabilization processes in experimental models
It is used exclusively as a research tool compound
In HG-induced human glomerular mesangial cells and HFD/STZ-induced C57BL/6 mouse models, erythropoietin (EPO) activates PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, reduces ROS levels, improves renal function in DN mice, and reduces apoptosis of human glomerular mesangial cells [147]
Traditional treatments are more widely available and some countries have subsidies, so theyre more accessible to the majority