Studies treating mild to moderate B12 deficiency in older people have failed to provide cognitive benefits: A clinical trial from the Netherlands measured the cognitive response to B12 supplements in people 70 years old with mild B12 deficiency and MMA levels 320 nmol/l (average: ~450 nmol/l)
It is explored for applications related to age-related decline in growth hormone levels and for its potential anabolic properties
In documents preparing for the hearing, FDA scientists noted that the peptides under discussion aren't well-understood or sufficiently studied, per NYT

But Ritual's real value is that it pairs NAC with two other ingredients commonly discussed in reproductive health research: Myo-inositol: 2,000mg Myo-inositol plays an important role in cellular signaling, ovarian function, and insulin regulation, making it one of the most extensively studied supplements in female reproductive health.50 51 While much of that research has focused on women with PCOS, myo-inositol has also been investigated for ovulation support, egg quality, and fertility outcomes in broader reproductive-health settings.49 Clinical reviews suggest myo-inositol may improve ovulation, menstrual regularity, and certain metabolic markers, though results vary by population and outcome measured.52 Ritual provides 2,000mg per serving, which aligns with commonly studied dosing, though some fertility protocols use 4,000mg daily, often divided into two doses
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At the 0.25mg starting dose, a 10mg vial theoretically provides 40 weeks of doses, but the solution degrades long before you use it all