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Under normal conditions, the tyrosine at position 18 (Tyr18) in the LIR region in FUNDC1 and the serine at position 13 (Ser13) close to the LIR is highly phosphorylated, at which time FUNDC1 has a low affinity for LC3 [62]

They also found that these peptides lowered BCL-XL and d MCL-1 while increasing Bax [67]

Application Methods Topical serums (most common): Applied directly to the scalp 1-2 times daily Subcutaneous injections: Typically administered at the scalp or abdomen for systemic effects Microneedling with GHK-Cu: Combines mechanical stimulation with peptide delivery for enhanced absorption Best For GHK-Cu is ideal for anyone experiencing general hair thinning, early-stage androgenetic alopecia, or age-related hair loss

Oral supplements Lotions Nasal sprays Injections Each form has its advantages and shortcomings

A study on facial massage found improvements in skin thickness and elasticity over several weeks of regular use (Caberletto et al., 2017)

Xiang, J., Wu, D