These conditions may require a multidisciplinary approach for management, involving healthcare providers from various specialties
Abbreviations % DL : Drug loading % EE : Encapsulation efficiency 8-OHdG : 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine ANOVA : Analysis of variance ApoE : Apolipoprotein E ApoE-MiADMSA-LPS : ApoE-coated monoisoamyl dimercaptosuccinic acid-loaded liposomes BBB : Blood-brain barrier BBD : Box-Behnken design CAT : Catalase CCSEA : Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals COX : Cyclooxygenase Cp : Ceruloplasmin Cu : Copper CuSO 4 : Copper sulfate CV : Central vein DAPI : 4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole DMEM : Dulbeccos modified Eagle medium DMSA : Dimercaptosuccinic acid DMSO : Dimethylsulfoxide DSC : Differential scanning calorimetry EDTA : Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ELISA : Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EPM : Elevated plus maze FBS : Fetal bovine serum FITC : Fluorescein isothiocyanate FTIR : Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy GSH : Glutathione H&E : Hematoxylin and eosin stain IAEC : Institutional animal ethics committee LPS : Liposomes MiADMSA : Monoisoamyl dimercaptosuccinic acid MDA : Malondialdehyde MiADMSA-LPS : Monoisoamyl dimercaptosuccinic acid-loaded liposomes MTT : 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MW : Molecular weight MWM : Morris water maze NORT : Novel object recognition test PBS : Phosphate buffer saline PDI : Polydispersibility index RNS : Reactive nitrogen species ROS : Reactive oxygen species SD : Standard deviation SEM : Scanning electron microscopy SOD : Superoxide dismutase TEM : Transmission electron microscopy TETA : Triethylenetetramine WD : Wilson disease References Azmand MJ, Rajaei Z (2021) Effects of crocin on spatial or aversive learning and memory impairments induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats
The structural basis for this stability is not fully elucidated but may relate to its high proline content (3 consecutive Pro residues) which confers rigidity and protease resistance
Despite this successful entry, the overall bioavailability of oral carnitine supplements is relatively low, typically ranging from 14% to 18% (and up to 25% depending on the specific dose and individual metabolism)
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These findings highlight its relevance in studying vascular signaling pathways and tissue regeneration processes
