Source: Diabetes Journal GLP-1 and the Brain There is some evidence to suggest that GLP-1 can improve learning and help to protect neurons against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease
Specifically, 3 mg of GH in 0.6 mL is approximately equivalent, on a molar basis, to 0.25 mg of AOD9604
doi: 10.3390/biology10030184
During the proliferative phase of healing, E2 induces the expression of pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF and PDGFA in endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis (Toutain et al., 2009
Role of IGF in Testes Interestingly, GH-induced IGF secretion by Sertoli cells was reported to increase the number of LH receptors in Leydig cells, meaning that IGF could increase testicular androgen production (8, 83, 90), and both IGF-1 and IGF-2 were shown to enhance testosterone production (90)
The measure of bacterial metabolites such as butyrate in serum or feces is another approach, due to its role in enhancing colonic barrier function