Their use is rising rapidly, and with good reason: These medications have been shown to reduce blood sugar, improve fatty liver, GERD, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, blood pressure, triglycerides, major adverse cardiovascular events, and even show potential benefits for conditions like alcohol use disorder (Mozaffarian et al., 2025
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JAMA Psychiatry 78 , 970978 (2021)
All of the above suggest that abnormal dietary intake and defective metabolism of Met could result in the abnormal levels of Met and its metabolites (SAMe and GSH) and accumulation of toxic metabolic intermediates (Hcy, Hcythiolactone, and 3-MTP) in the liver, which in turn affects the functions and the inflammatory responses to damage/infection of the liver (Figure 4)
WNT secretion and signalling in human disease
All of these influences are in the model