Insulin secretion is stimulated, glucagon and gastric acid secretion are inhibited, and GI transit and motility are decreased by incretin hormones, especially glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is released postprandially from L-cells lining the gut in response to food ingestion ( in vitro and in vivo , GLP-1 has been frequently demonstrated to reduce GI muscle activity via nerve-mediated mechanisms reliant on nitric oxide ( GLP-1 receptors, which are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) in addition to peripheral tissues, are limited to neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the ventrolateral medulla in the brainstem and hypothalamus ( Constipation-predominant IBS was linked to lower mucosal expression of GLP-1 receptors and serum GLP-1 concentrations ( This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis investigating GLP-1 agonists efficacy and safety in IBS patients
Any degree of persistent haziness beyond 15 minutes indicates submicron aggregates in suspension the peptide is partially aggregated and cannot be relied upon for research accuracy
Management of acute iron poisoning
Insulin dose adjustments with add-on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists in clinical practice
The first GLP-1 drug, exenatide (Byetta), was developed after scientists discovered a compound in the saliva of the Gila monster, a venomous desert lizard
10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30010-9 28 HardingJ
