For GLP-1, the review confirmed insulinotropic effects on -cells during hyperglycaemia, glucagonostatic effects on -cells during hyperglycaemia (indirect, via somatostatin and insulin), gastric emptying delay, CNS appetite suppression, and indirect promotion of lipolysis via increased sympathetic activity
Glucagon-like peptide 1 recruits microvasculature and increases glucose use in muscle via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism
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Recent advances in the identification of crystallized structure, the spectrum of binding sites, and the mechanism of biased agonism are now facilitating the discovery of small molecule GLP-1 receptor agonists, all of which have a molecular weight of less than 1,000 g/mol
They found widespread associations with benefits to cognitive and behavioral health, while also revealing increased risks for pancreatitis and kidney conditions, among others
Preclinical evidence supports the role of GLP-1RAs in alleviating neuropathic pain through the modulation of microglial activity, inflammatory cytokine production and -endorphin release [63, 65, 68, 70,71,72,73,74]
