Interestingly, she said, since the hindbrain GLP-1 neurons do not express GLP-1 receptors, they cannot be accessed directly by systemically administered GLP-1R agonists
Food and Drug Administration: (May 2022) Approved as adjunct to diet and exercise for glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (November 2023) Approved for chronic weight management in adults with obesity or overweight with at least one weight-related comorbidity (December 2024) Expanded indication for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity Classified as first-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist Not approved for type 1 diabetes mellitus or as monotherapy in patients with history of pancreatitis International Regulatory Approvals GLP2 has received regulatory approval in multiple jurisdictions: European Union (September 2022) Type 2 diabetes treatment United Kingdom (November 2023) Expanded to include weight management Canada (November 2022) Type 2 diabetes indication Australia (December 2022) Type 2 diabetes treatment Additional regulatory reviews ongoing in other countries Warnings and Contraindications Important safety considerations include: Boxed Warning for thyroid C-cell tumor risk (based on rodent studies
Although this was demonstrated in animal experiments, GLP-1 was shown to exert acute anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on humans under specific conditions
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The study also shows that markers of neuronal cell stress and apoptosis, namely metalloproteinase-3, were significantly reduced upon the administration of GLP-1 [70]
407 GLP-1 inhibits glucose uptake in astrocytes and promotes beta-oxidation, which is essential for regulating energy balance in the brain and maintaining mitochondrial integrity
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