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Male factor infertility is increasing in prevalence, as multiple studies have demonstrated declining sperm quality and sperm counts worldwide, making it a significant public health concern [2]

Last reviewed: June 16, 2026 Last updated: June 16, 2026 Written by: Jay Hastings, CEO of PlexusDx Jay Hastings is the CEO of PlexusDx, a precision health company focused on genetic testing, blood biomarker insights, and personalized wellness recommendations

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*J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact*, 7(3):208-218

That increased TCA activity elicits ER stress does not necessarily portend cellular dysfunction

Hormonal patterns are obviously physiologically distinct in females and males, complicating true clarity of the isolated effects e.g., of the sex hormones (higher testosterone levels may play an important role for the adaption to RET in men