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Veterinary testing: Laboratory tests are performed to make sure either therapy is showing its effects or not

BMP-12 gene transfer augmentation of lacerated tendon repair

Research parameters include resistance to acidic and enzymatic conditions, mucosal permeability, absorption kinetics, systemic biodistribution, and detection of intact peptide following enteral exposure

Clinical trials did not include pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, elderly individuals over 65, or those with active malignancy or severe organ dysfunction

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Nasal delivery is the least-established route , with emerging interest for neurological and brain-adjacent applications, but limited human data to date