IL-6, a key proinflammatory cytokine, is upregulated in multiple OA-related joint compartments, including synovial tissue, cartilage, and synovial fluid, where it promotes matrix degradation and inflammation (39)
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The samples were analyzed on a Shimadzu UFLC system (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) coupled to a QTRAP5500 (triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer) equipped with a TurboIonSpray source (AB Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA)
Minoxidil is a vasodilator that increases scalp blood flow
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Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and usually develops from aging, repetitive stress, previous injuries, or cartilage degeneration over time