The full TRIUMPH program spans eight Phase 3 trials plus TRIUMPH-CVOT, enrolling more than 5,800 participants in the core weight-management trials and roughly 10,000 in the cardiovascular outcomes trial
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However, as of this articles publication date, no peptide-based oral GLP-1 has received approval specifically for weight management
Both are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for people with obesity or overweight, along with a reduced-calorie diet and increased exercise
Tirzepatide (Zepbound) has shown the highest average weight loss in trials, at up to 21%, compared to about 14 to 18% for semaglutide (depending on form and dose) and 11% for oral orforglipron
Short-acting agents like exenatide often cause more gastroparesis (slow gastric emptying), while long-acting ones like dulaglutide may be better tolerated