19 Gene expression differences involved in O-GlcNAcylation and hexosamine biosynthesis pathway have also been detected between diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, 20 probably because multiple molecules in insulin signaling pathways can be modified by glycosylation which in turn reduces phosphorylation, leading to inhibition of insulin signaling
[149] Given the suggestion of the inability of most cell types to take up exogenous glutathione, [144] decreased chemotherapy efficacy due to glutathione administration may be limited to liver, kidney, and neurological tumors
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(2023) 15:e37783
Another important miRNA regulating cell metabolism is miR-378/378*, embedded within gene encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta (PGC-1), a transcriptional regulator of oxidative energy metabolism
However, a nanotechnology approach involving a dyed hydrogel known as AquaDust can be used to monitor the local water potential () within the apoplastic spaces of leaves