Stimulation of M3 or M5 mAChRs in T-lymphocytes facilitate the release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores via inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ), resulting in calcium release activated (CRAC) channel Ca 2+ influx and sustained [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations which enhances the expression of c-fos and IL-2 [179]
We postulate that the vSUB has a possible function in depressive behavior, as it strongly influences the reward system by direct projections to the nucleus accumbens 52 and by excitatory input to dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area that can induce DA release in the nucleus accumbens
Effects are consistent with GH/IGF-1 axis activation
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Germ-free C57BL/6J mice are resistant to high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance and have altered cholesterol metabolism [J]
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