While the synergy makes sense, it is still theoretical until proven in dedicated trials or, suboptimally, from data in real-world studies
Influence of TNF-alpha and IL-6 infusions on insulin sensitivity and expression of IL-18 in humans
Phase 3 TRANSCEND-T2D-1 (March 19, 2026) showed 16.8% loss at 12 mg over 40 weeks in adults with type 2 diabetes
40,105 However, given that IGF-1R and insulin receptor have decreased affinity for each others main ligand in comparison to their main ligand, it is likely that insulin and IGF-1 cannot stimulate the anabolic effects of each others receptor activation to the same degree as the main ligands for insulin receptor and IGF-1R at physiological concentrations
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A thorough review of the studies that led to tirzepatides approval allows for comparisons between tirzepatide and GLP-1 RAs