Additionally , some studies suggest it may have regenerative properties for brain injury
Translational studies using exosomes showed a relationship between the epigenetic modulation of glutamatergic function and a brain metabolic dysfunction known as insulin resistance (IR) as showed by an increase and sex-specific phosphorylation in the expression of IRS1, a key marker of the insulin signaling cascade, in discrete exosomes enriched for the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM), a protein highly expressed in the brain [52, 70,71,72]
GHK-Cu has been shown to modulate the expression of thousands of genes related to extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, oxidative stress responses, and proteostasis through its interaction with the ubiquitin-proteasome system (Pickart and Margolina 2018
It was found that the ESR1 gene encodes a KH domain-containing RNA-binding protein
BPC-157 exhibits cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic properties across various tissues