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103 The absence of obesity-associated resistance to the anorectic properties of PYY 3-36 makes it an attractive target for treatment

These three synthetic peptide compounds have become the primary subjects of peptide therapy research, each with different therapeutic applications and target research populations

For example, lactate can activate the HIF-1 pathway in microglia to enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine release, while IL-1 can inhibit neuronal PGC-1 expression to impair mitochondrial biogenesis, forming a potential link between peripheral immune metabolic reprogramming and central neuroinflammation and energy deficiency

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Correspondingly, treatment with exogenous GSH and LPS was found to delay apoptosis and reduce the level of the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 (169)

Some diuretics and anti-inflammatory drugs also contain sulfa