Specific cinnamic acid derivatives include -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic methyl ester (CHCE), ( E )--cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid propyl ester (CHCA-C3), 4-chloro -cyanocinnamic acid (ClCCA), (2 E )-3-(anthracen-9-yl)-2-cyano-propan-2-enoic acid (AnCCA), ( E )-2-cyano-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)acrylic acid (CNAA), cyanonitrobenzene diacetic acid (CNDA), -cyano-2,4-difluorocinnamic acid (Di-FCCA), -cyano-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid (CPPA), D 4 --cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (D 4 -CHCA), 4-phenyl--cyano-cinnamic acid amide (Ph-CCA-NH 2 ), p -phenyl--cyanocinnamic acid amide (p-Ph-CCAA), 4-aminocinnamic acid (ACA), and 4-(dimethylamino)cinnamic acid (DMACA) (Figure )
Specifically, l-carnitine treatment can reduce synovitis by inhibiting AMPK-ACC-CPT1 pathway activation and showed an increase in fatty acid -oxidation, a lower lipid accumulation, and a noticeable improvement in mitochondrial function
Effect of pemvidutide, a GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist, on MASLD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
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Ming GL, Song H (2011) Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain: significant answers and significant questions
G., Nunes, C., Faustino, I., Silva, F