Methods Trial design and participants This phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted at 41 sites across five countries (Canada, Italy, Hungary, Spain and the United States), as described in a previous publication 8 and listed in the Supplementary information
Isomers Skincare Isomers Skincare was founded over 35 years ago by Darius Majlessi and Manuela Marcheggiani, who met at university and began formulating skincare
For a detailed breakdown of route-specific mechanisms, absorption differences, and use-case matching, see GHK-Cu Topical vs Injectable: Route Comparison
Exfoliation of Pigmented Cells Exfoliating agents remove dead skin cells containing excess pigment, allowing fresher and brighter skin to surface
Composition: A 16-amino-acid peptide sequence (Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe)
The enzyme CHAC1 (CHAC1/BOTCH for blocking NOTCH) is a key regulator of this process (Figure 6)