GHK-Cu is stable at physiological pH (6.57.5) but dissociates below pH 4 or above pH 9, releasing free copper, which can be pro-oxidant if unbound
Cyanocobalamin | Drugs | BNF NICE
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pH imbalances in the formula can cause copper ions to react with skin oils
Evidence type: Human RCT | Observational | Animal | In vitro | Regulatory Mechanism of Action As a copper chelator, GHK-Cu modulates over 4,000 human genes, upregulating those involved in tissue remodeling (e.g., collagen I, III) and downregulating pro-inflammatory pathways like NF-B
Eighteen female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group (n=6), a group without UVB irradiation and L-glutathione administration