A report from the Framingham Offspring Study of 2,999 adults found the following average daily B12 intakes, including fortified foods and supplements (Tucker, 2000): Age 26-49: 8.9 g Age 50-64: 8.7 g Age 65-83: 8.5 g A 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of over 4,500 adults 60 years and older found the following average daily B12 intakes (USDA NHANES, 2019): Male non-supplement users (68% of men): 4.5 g Male supplement users: 5.3 g from food plus 326 g from supplements Female non-supplement users (63% of women): 3.6 g Female supplement users: 3.8 g from food plus 520 g from supplements European Food Safety Authoritys Recommendations In 2015, the EFSA released recommendations for B12 intake across Europe
Geldanamycin, a new antibiotic
B12 is not a standalone treatment for anxiety or depression
Ad Hoc Committee for the National Kidney Foundation
Amphetamines disrupt VMAT2 function and vesicular uptake through a combination of mechanisms: The Weak Base Effect (pH Gradient Collapse) : Amphetamines are lipophilic weak bases (pKa of 9.9) that can readily diffuse across both the plasma and vesicular membranes to accumulate inside synaptic vesicles (Wimalasena 2011)
56 Additionally, blood pressure is lowered in male hypertension patients by vitamins E, A, and C
