Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
These approaches may improve oral GHK-Cu bioavailability in the future, but most aren't yet validated in clinical studies
The results of ELIspot assay indicated that toxicity in reaction to or stimulation of injection site, fever, and fatigue symptoms were negligible in almost all patients
But theres also the fact that regeneration of ascorbate involves glutaredoxin, which requires the presence of glutathione as an electron donor (8)
Sarubbo F, Moranta D, Tejada S, Jimnez M, Esteban S
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 17.Riboulet-Chavey A., Pierron A., Durand I., Murdaca J., Giudicelli J., Van Obberghen E
