Pharmacokinetics: Cyanocobalamin is administered intranasally, orally, and parenterally, while hydroxocobalamin is administered only parenterally. Once absorbed, vitamin B12 is highly bound to transcobalamin II, a specific B-globulin carrier protein and is distributed and stored primarily in the liver as coenzyme B12. The bone marrow also stores a significant amount of the absorbed vitamin B12. This vitamin crosses the placenta and is distributed into breast milk. Enterohepatic recirculation conserves systemic stores. The half-life is about 6 days (400 days in the liver). Elimination is primarily through the bile; however, excess cyanocobalamin is excreted unchanged in the urine
Good to know: For people who cant absorb vitamin B12 from their diet or oral tablets, prescription vitamin B12 treatment is usually a lifelong medication
The copper coordination chemistry of GHK-Cu enables controlled cellular copper delivery while preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species characteristic of free copper toxicity, with the peptide's binding affinity (log K = 16.1) positioning it perfectly within the physiological copper transport hierarchy to facilitate controlled metal transfer to enzymatic targets including lysyl oxidase (essential for collagen cross-linking) and superoxide dismutase (critical for antioxidant defense)
[DOI] [PubMed] Kunlayawutipong T, Apaijai N, Tepmalai K, Kongkarnka S, Leerapun A, Pinyopornpanish K, et al
Very convenient B12 supplement.
Reconstitute each vial separately with bacteriostatic water
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