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Baseline hormones, prior testicular trauma or varicocele, age and metabolics all play a role

B1 (thiamine) B2 (riboflavin) B3 (niacin) B5 (pantothenic acid) B6 (pyridoxine) B7 (biotin) B9 (folic acid) B12 (cobalamin)

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that comes in multiple forms, including vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol)

In all experiments, age-matched mice were used (unless otherwise stated), WT littermates served as controls, and treatment was randomly assigned to control for cage effect

It also upregulates over 4,000 genes involved in tissue repair, angiogenesis, and antioxidant defense while downregulating pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways

Kunert KS, Tisdale